████ █████

██████ ███████

███ ████ ██████ ████، ████ █████████ ██████ ████ ██████ ███████ ███ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ███████ ████████، ████████ ███ █████ ████ █████ ████.

█████ ██████ (██████ ███████ ██████)

█████ ███ ██ ██████ ███ ██████ ███ ██████ █████ ██████ ███████؛ ████ ███ ████ «██████ ███████ ██████» ████ ██ «██████ ███████». ███ ████ ██████، █████ █████ ██████ ███████ █████ ███ █████ ███ ██████ ███ ████ █████ █.███ █████ ██ ████ █████ ███ ███ ██████، ████ ███ ██ █████ █████ ██████ ███ ████ ███████ ███، █████ ███ █████ █████ ███████ ███ ████ ███████ ███ ██ ███████ ██████ ██████ █████ ██ ██████ █████ █████ ███ █████. ████، █████ █████████ █████ ███ ████ █████ ████ █████ ████ ██████ █████ ███ ██ ████ ████.

███████ ███████ ███ ██████ ███████

███ ███ ███████ ████████، ████ ██████ ██████ ████████ ███ █████ ███ ██████ ██████ ███████.

█████ ██████ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ████ ███████ ████████، ██ ████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ██████ ██████، ███، ██ ██████ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ ████████ ██ ████ ██████ ███████ ███. ████ ███، █████ ███████ ████ ████ █████ ██ ██████ ██████. ██████ ███████ █████████ ████ █████████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████████ (████ ████ ██████ ███████████). ███ ████ ███████ ██████████ ██████، ████ ██████ ███████ ████ ████ ██ ████ ███ ███████ ███ ████████ █████ ██████ ██████ ███████ ████████ ███████. ████ ███ ██████████ ███████ ████ ███████ ██████████ ██████ ████ █████ █████ ████ ████ ███████ ███ ████.

██ ████ ██████ █████ (██ ██████ ████) ██ ███████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ███████؛ ████ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███████ ███ █████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ███████. ████ ██████ ███████ ███████ █████ ██ █████ █████ █████ █████ ███ █████ ██████.

█████ ██████ ███████ █████

██ ██████ ██████ ████، ██ ████، ██ ████ ████، ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ████████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\text{<span word-length="1" class="word redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\left(\frac{\mathrm{\partial }\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{\partial }\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\right)}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

█████ ██████ █ ██████ ███ ██ █████ ████ █████ █████ ██████، █████ ██████ █ ██ ██████ ██████ (██ █████) ██ ████ ████ ██ ███ ███████ █████. ███ █████ ███، ███ █████ ████ █████ ███ ███؛ ███ ███ █████ █████ ████ █████ ██ █████ █████ ███████. ███ ████ ███ ██ █████ ██████، ████ ██████ ███ ██ █████ █████ ███████.

██████ █████

████ ██████ █████ █████ ████ █████ (█████) ██ █████ ██████ ██ █████ (██████ ██████). ██████ ███، █████ ████ ██████ ███ ███ ██ █████ ██████ ███████ █████ ████ ███████ ███ «█████ ████ █████ ███». ███ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ███ ████ ██ ████ ███████ ██████ ████ █████. ███████ █████ █████ ███ █████، ████ █████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ████ █████ █${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}/\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ████ █████ ██████ ███ ███ ████ █████ ██ ████ ███████.

████ █████ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ███████ ████:

${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

████ ███████ ███ ███████ █████ ██ █████ ██████ █████ ██ █████ ████ ██ ████ ████ ███████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$، ██████ ██ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}/\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\ll \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ███ ████ ██ ██ ████ ███████، ███ ██████ ████████ █████████ ███████ (████████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}/\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$).

██████ ███ ████████

████ █████ ████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██████ ███ ███████ ████████، ████████ █████████، ██ ████ ██████ ██████، ████ ████ ██ ██████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ █████ ████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}-{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}})}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}}$

███ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ██ █████ █████████ ███ ████ ████ ███████ █${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ █████ ███████ ███ ████ ████ ███████.

██ ████ ██████ ██████، ██████ ██████ ███████ ████ ██ ████ ████ ███████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\propto \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

████████، ████ █████ ██████ ██ ██ ██ ████████ ██ ████ ███████ ███████ ████████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

███

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}-{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}})}$

██ █████ ██ █████ ███████ ███ ████████ ██████، █████ ██████ ████████، ██ █████ ██████، ██ ███████ ███████ (████████)، ██ █████ ███████، █${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ██ ███████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ «███ ████ ████████» ██ «███ ████ ██████» ██ «███ ████ ████████» ██ «███ ████» █████ ███ ███ ███████ °█^−█, █^−█, °█^−█, ██ █^−█,. ██ ████ ███████ █████ ███████، █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ █████ ███ ███ ██████ █████ ████████ ███████ █████ ███████.

██████ ██████

████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██ ████ ███████. ██ ██████ ██████ ██ ███████ ███ ████ ██ ████ ███████ ██████ ████ █████. ██████ █████، ██████ ██ ████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ █████ ██ █████ ██ █████، █${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}/\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ████ ███ ███████ ███████ ███ █████ ████ ████ ███████.

████ █████ ██████ ██████ ██ ███████ ███:

${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

████ ███████ ███ ████████ █████ ██ █████ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ████ ██ ██████ ███████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$، ███████ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}/\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\ll \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ███ ████ ███ ███████، ███ ██████ ███████.

██████ ██████

████ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ██████، █████ █████ █████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ███ █████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ██████، █${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}/\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ████ █████ ██ ████ ███████.

████ ███ ██ ███ ██████ █████ ██████ ████ ████ ████. ████، █████ ████ ██ ███████ █████ ███ ████ ████ █████ █████ █.██ ███ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ███████ ██████ ██ ████. ███ ████ ██████ █.█%. ██ ███ █████ ████ ██ ███████ █████ █████ ██████، ████ ███ ██████، ██████ █████ █████ █.██ ███ ████، ███ ████ ████ ██████ █.█%. ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ █.█% ███ ██ ████، ██ █.███% █^−█.

███ ███ ████ █████ █████ ██████، ██████ ████ ██████ ██ █████:

${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}/\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ (█.███ ██ ██████) █${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██ ██████ ██ █████ ███████ (██ ████ █████).

█████ ██████ ██████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ████ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ █████ █████ █████████ ██ █████ ██████. ████ ███ ████ █████، ████ █████ ███ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ████ ███████. ███ ██ █████ █████ ██████ ██████ ████ ████ ██ ████ ███████، ██ ███ ███ ██████ █████ █████؛ ███ ██████ ███████ ███████ █████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}\left(\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\right)={\int }_{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}^{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}\left({\int }_{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}^{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\right)-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

███ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ██ █████ ██████ ██████ █████ █████ ███████ █، █${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$, ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ███ ████ ███████ ██████████ █████████ ███ ███████.

██████ █████████ (██ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██ ██████ ████████████)

████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██████ █████████ █████ █████ ████ ███████ █████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

████ ███ ██████ ██ ██ █████ ████ ██ █████ ███████ ███████ ████ █████. ████████، ███ ████ ███████، █████ ██████ ███████ █████، ████ ███ ██████ ██████ ███ ████ ████. ███ ████ ██████، █████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ ███ ██ ████ █. █████ ████ █████ ██████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ██████ █████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████ ███████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{)}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\approx {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}.}$

██████ ██████ █████ ██████، ███ ██████ ██ █ █████ ████ ████، ████████ █████ █████ ███ ██████.

███:

${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}.}$

████ ███████ ██████ █████ ████ ██████ █████ ██ █████ ███████ ████████ (██ █████ ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ █${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██████)؛ ████ ██ ████ █████ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ████ ██████ ███ █████████ ██████ ████████ ████████ ███ ████ █████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ██ ███ ██████، ███ ███ ████ ██████ (███████ ███ ████ ██████) ████████ ██ ████████ ███████.

███████، ███ ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ███████ █████:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ████ ██ ██████ █████ █████، ███████ ██ █████ ███ ██████ █████ ███ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$. ████، ███ ███ ███ ██████████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ █████ █████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$.

██████ ███████████ (██ ██████ ███████ ██████ ██ █████████████)

██ ██████ ███ █████ ███████████، ███████ ███ ██████ ████████ (████ ███ █████ ███ ██ ████، ████████ ████████████) ███████ █████، ████ ███ ████ ███ ███████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ██ █████████ ████████. ███████ ████، █████ ██████ ██████ █████ ████ ███ █████ ███ ███████ ███████. ███ ███ ███████ ███████ █████ █████ ██ █████ █████، ████ █████ ███ ███████ ████ ████████ ████████. ██ ███████ ██ ███████ ████████ ██████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███ ███ ████ ████ ██ ██ ███ ███ ███ █████ ██████. ██ █████ █████ ██████ ██ ████ ████ ███████ ██████ ██████ ███████ ██████ █████ ██████ ██████. ████ ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██████ ████ █████ █████ █████ ████ (███████ ███ ████████ █████████ █████ (██ ██ ██) ███████ ███ ████████ █████████ █████ (██ ██ ██)) ███████ (██████████).