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██████ (███████: ██████████) ███ █████ ██ ████ █████, █████ ██ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ████ ██ ██ ██ ███ ███. █████ ██ ███████ ███ ████ █, ██ ███ ██ ███████ ███. ██████ █████ ██████ █████ ████ ███████ █-█, ██ ██ █'███ ████.

███████ ██████ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ █████ ██████ ████ ████ █████ ██ ████ ██████: ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\frac{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$. █████ ███████ ███ ██ ████ █████. ██ ████ ██████ █████ █████ ██ ███ ██ █ ████ ███ █ ███, ██ ███████ ██ █████ ████ █ ████, ████ ███████ ██ ███████ █████ ████ ████ ████: ${\displaystyle [\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}]=\frac{[\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}]}{[\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}]}}$. █████ ███ ███████ ███████ ███████ ██████: ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$.

██████ █████ (██ ██████ ██ ████) ███ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ████ █████ █████ ████ ████ ████ ████, ███████ █████ ███ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ████ ██████ ████ ████ ████ ███████ ██████ ████ █.

██████ ███ ██████ ███ ████ ██████ ████ ███████ ████ ████ ███: ${\displaystyle \mathcal{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$, ████ ${\displaystyle \mathcal{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ███"█ ██████ █████, ██████ ██████ ████ ████ ████ ███ ██████ ██████ ██ ██████ ██, ███ ███ ███. ████ ████████ ████ ██ ████ ███ ███"█ ██████ █████ ██████ ██████ ████ ████ ███ █████ ████ ████ ███ ███ █████ ████████ ██ ████ ██████ ████ ██.

██ ███ █████ ██████ █████ ███████ █████ █████ (████). ███ ████ █████ ██████, ███████ ███ ██ ███████, ███████ █████ ████████ ███ ████ ████. ███████ ██ ████ ███ ██ █████ ██ █████ ████ ██ ███████ ██ ██ █████ ███ ██ █████, ████████ █████. ██ █████ ██████ ███████ ███ ██████, ████ ████ ██ █████████ ████ █████ ████ ███ ██████ █████████ ██ █████ (████ ███████), █████ ██ ███████ ██████ ██ █████. ████ █████ ██ ███████ ██ ████ █████ ██████ █████ ██ ██████.

████, ███████, ███ ██████, ███ █████ ████████. ████ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ██ ███ ███ ███-███. ████ ███ █████ ████ ███ ████ █████ ██ ███ █████, ████ █████ ████ █████ █████ ████ ████ ████. ██████, ███████ ██ ████ ███ ███ ███ █, ████ █ █████ ███████ █ ████: ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\frac{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\frac{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

• ████

• ██████, ████ ███████████ ████████ (███████)