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████████████ ███ █████ ███████ █████ ████ ██████ ███████ ███████ ███████ █████ ████ (██████).

███ ███ ██████ ████ ██ ██████ ███████ ██████ █████ ████ ████ ████████ ████. ███ ███████ ████ ███ ████. ███ ██ █████ ███████, "████████" (███████), ███ ████ ███ ██ ██████ ███████ ████ █████ ████. ██████ ████████████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████████ ███████ ████████ ██ ██ ██. █████ ███ ███████ ██ ███ ███ █████. ██ ███████ █████████████ █████ █████ ██████ █████, ████ ██████ █████ ███ ███████ ███████, ████ ██████ ████ ████, ████ █-██ ████ ████ █████ ███████████ █████ ██████.

████ ${\displaystyle \overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ██████ ████ █ ██ ████ ████ █ ████████████ █████ ████ █████. ██████ █████, ████ ████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ███ ${\displaystyle \overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$, ████ ${\displaystyle \overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ███ ████ ██████.

█████ ██████ ███████████ ██████ ██ █████ █████ ██████ ███ ███ ████ (██-████████): ${\displaystyle \overrightarrow{\mathrm{\nabla }}\times \overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ████ ████ █████ ██ ████ ███████ ████ █████ ██ ██████ ██ ████ ███████ ██████ ████: ${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\partial }\overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}{\mathrm{\partial }\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ██████ █████, █████████████ ████ █████ ██ ██████ ███ ███ ███ █████ ██ ███ █████. █████ ███, ███ █████ █████ ██████ ███ █████ ████████ ██ ██████ ████████ ██████, ██ ██ ██████ ████.

• ███ █████: █████████ ██████ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ███████ ██████ ████ ███ ██████ ███ █████ ████ █████ ████████ (██ █████████ █████) █████ █████. ███████ ███████ ██ █████████████ ██████ ████ █████, █████ ██ █████ ███████ ██ ████ ██████ █████ ███ ███ ██████ ████████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ █-${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$. █████ ██ ███ ██ ████████████ ██████ ██ ██ ████, ████ ████ ████ ████ ██████ █████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ███ ███████. ██████ █████: ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}|{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}|}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}}$, ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ████ █████.
• ███ █████████ █████: ████ ██████ ████ ████ ██████ █████ ██████ ██████ ██████ ████. ██████ █████ ██████ ███ ████ (██-████████), ████ ████ ████ ████████ ██ ███████ ██████ █████, ██████ █████████ ██████. ████ ██████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ █████ ███████ ███ █████████ ██████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ███████ ███ ███ ████. █████ █████: ${\displaystyle \overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=-\overrightarrow{\mathrm{\nabla }}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$.
• ███ ████: ███ ████ ████ ██ ████ ██ ███ █████ ███ ██ █████ █████ ███████████ █████ ██████ █████ ████ ██████. ████ ██████████ ████ █████ ██████ ███████ ██ ██████ ████ ██████ ██████. ██████ ███████ ███ █████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ██████ ███████ ████-██████ (██) █████ ██ ████ ██ ███ ${\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}}$, ████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ███ ████ ███████████ ██ ████ █████${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}\approx \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>.<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}\times {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}}^{-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}}\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$. █████ █████, ████ ████ ████ █████████ █████ ███████████. █████ ██████████ ███ ${\displaystyle {\oint }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\cdot \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\cdot \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ███ ████ ███ ██████ ██████ ████ ████ ██████ ███ ██████ ██████, ████ ████ ███ █████ ██████ █████ ████ ██████, ██ ███ ████ █████████ █████ ███ ███████ ███. █████ ████████████ ███ ${\displaystyle \overrightarrow{\mathrm{\nabla }}\cdot \overrightarrow{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\cdot \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}.}$. ████ ████████, ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ██████ █████ ██████.
• ██████ ██████: ████ ██████ ██ █████████ ███████████ █████ ████████████ ██ ███ ████ █████ ███ █████ ███ █████████ ██████ ████ ██████ █████ (███, ███████ ███): ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{\nabla }}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ██████ ██ █████ ██████ ██████.
• ██████ ████: ████ ██████ ██████ ████ █████ ██ █████ ██ ███ ██████ ██████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{\nabla }}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>},}$. ████ ██████ ████.

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• ████████████████ - █████████████ █████ - █████ ████ ██ ████████████
• ████████████, ████ ███████████ ████████ (███████)