████████ █████

██████ ██████████ █████████

████████████ ████████, ████████ █████ █████████ █ ███ ██████████. ██████/ █████ ███████ ███ ████-█████ ███ ████████ ██████ ████████ (█ █ █ ...█) ████ ███ ███ ███████ █████████ (█/█) ████. ███████ ███ ███ ███ █████ ████ ████████████ ████████

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>},\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

████. ██████ ████████ ██ ████████ █████ ████████ ████ ████████ ██████ ████ ███ █████ ████████.

████████████ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ███ ████████████ ███ ████ █████ ███████████. ███ ████████ ████ █████ █████ ████████████ █████ ████ █████ ███ ██████ ████ ██████████ █████ ████████████ ██████ ████████ ██ █████ █████ ██████. ████ █████ ████████ ███████ ████████ ████ █████ █████████ ██ ██ ███████ █████ ███████ ██████ █████-█████████ ███ ██-██-█ ████; ████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ████ ███████ ████ █████████████ ██ █████ ████ ██████ ████████. ███ ███ ██████ █████ ████ ███ ██████ ████ ████████ ████ ███████ ██ ██ ███ ██████ ████ ████ (█████ ████ ███ ████ █████-█████████ ███ █████ ██████) ████████ ██████. ██████ ██████ ██ ████ █████ █████████████ ████, ███ ███ ████████ ███ █████████ ████████ ████████ ████████ ██████ ████ ████ ████████ ████ ██████ ███ ████████ █████-█████████ ███████; █████ ███████ ████ ██████ ███ ███████ █████-█████████ ███████ ███████ ██ ████████ ███████ ██████; ████

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\left(-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\times \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}}\right)+\left(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\times \frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="2"\; class="word\; redacted">██</span>}}\right)\approx -\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>.<span\; word-length="4"\; class="word\; redacted">████</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}.}$

███ █████ ████ ████ █████████ ███████, ██████████ -███ ██ █████████ ████ ████. ███████, ████████ ██████, ███ ███████ ███ ███████ █████ ████ █████ █ ██████ █████ ██████████ ██ ██████ ██████ ████████████ ██████████ █,██████ █████████. █████ ███████████, ███ ████ ████ ████████ █████ █████ ███████ ██████ ██████ (████ █████ █████████ ████████ ██████ █ ███) █ █████ █████ "████ ████" ████ ██████████████.

████████████ █████

█████ ██████, ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ${\displaystyle (\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>},\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>},\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ ███ ████████ █████ ██████ ███ ██████ ████████ ███, █ █████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$██ ████████████ ██████████, ████████ ██████ █████ █████████ █ ██████████, ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ █████${\displaystyle ⟨\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}⟩}$ ████ ${\displaystyle \mathbb{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ██████ ███████ ██ █████ ██████████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})={\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

██████ ████████ ████████████ █████████████. ██████ ███████████ ██ █████ ██████ ███████████ ████ ████████████ ████████ ██████ ████████; ██ ████████ ██████████ ████████ ███ (███████ ██████ ████████ ████) █ █████ ████████ █████ ██ ████████████ ██ ███████████. ████ ████████ ████████ ████████ ███ ██████ ████████ ████ ████████████ ████████ ███████.

████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ████████ █████ ██████████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ ███ █████ ██████ ████████ ███, █ █████ ████████ █████ ██ ████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\sum _{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}})}$

████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ███████ ██████ ████████ ████ ████████ ████████ ██████████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ███, █ █████ ████████████ ████████ ████ ████████ █████ █████ ███████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})={\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}.}$

████████ ████████ ██████████ █(█) ████ ██████ ████████ █ ████ ████████ ███ ████████ ████████ █████████ █(█) ████ ████████████ ████████ ████ ████████ █████ █████ ███████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}))={\int }_{-\mathrm{\infty }}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}.}$

████████

███ █████ █ ████ ████████████ ████████ ████ ████████ █████ ███████ █████ ████████ ███████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}:\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\in \mathbb{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

██████████

████ █ ██ █ ███ ██████ ████████ ██ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\le \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███████ ███, █ █████

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\le \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$.

████.

███████████

████████ █████ █████████${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██ ██████████ ████████ ████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$;

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$;

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$

██ ██ ███████ █████████ ███████████████ ██ ████████ ███████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})+\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$

██████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ████████ ████████ ███████ ██████ ███████████ ██ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ██████████.

██████████ ████████

██████████

████ ███ ██████ ████████ █ █████ ███ ██████ ████████ ████ ████ ████ ██ ████ ███ ██████ ███,

████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\le \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$, █ █████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\le \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████.

█████████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\le |\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}|}$ ██ ${\displaystyle -\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\le |\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}|}$ █████████ ████, ███ ██████ ██████████ ████████████ █████████████ (████ ████████ █████████) ██████ ██████, ██████ █████████ ████████████ ██████████████ ████ █████ ████ ████ ███ ███████:

${\displaystyle |\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})|\le \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(|\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}|)}$

██████████

() ████████ ████ ███ ███ ███████ ███████ ████ ███████ ██████ ████████ █ ██ ███████ ████ ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ████ ██ ██████ ███ █████ ██████████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}})=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}>\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}.}$

█████████ ██ ████ ██ ████ ██████ █████ █████ ██████████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})={\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}.}$

████████████ ████████ ██████

█████ ██████ █ ████████ █████ ████████████ ████████████ ████████ ████████, ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ █████████ ███████ ████ █████. ████ ████████████ ████████ █████████, ██ █████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██████ ████████████ ███████ ████████ ██████████ ██████████ ███████████ ██████ █████████████. ██████████ ███████████ ███████ █████████████ ██████████ ████████ ██████████ ██████████ ████████████ ██ ██████ ███████ █████████. ██████████ █████████ ██████ ████████ ███████████ ██ ██████████ ████████████ ██████ ███ █████ ██████.

███████████ ████████ ████████

█████ ██████ ████████ █████ █████████ █'██ ██ ██████ ███████████ ████ █████████████ █████████ █████ ███████████; ████

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}))={\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\ne \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})),}$

██ ███████ ████████ ██ ██████ ████ ███████ (████ ██████) ██████████████ ████████ ██████ ██████'██ ██████████████.