████ ██████

████ ██████ ███ ████ █████ ██████ ████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ███████ █████ ██████ ███████ ███, ████ ███ ████ ███████. █████ ██████ ██████ ██ ██ █████████ █████ ████ ██████ ██████ ███ ██████ ███ ██████ ████ ███████ ████████████.

█████ ██████ ███████ █████ ██ ██████ █████████ ███████ ████ ████ ██████ ████, ██ ██████ ████ █████ █████████ ██████ ███████ █████████████. ██ ██████ ████ ████ ████ ████ ███████ ██ ███████ ██ ███ ██████ ███████ ██ █████████ ████████████ █████████ ███ █████ ██████. ███ ██, █████ ██████ ██ ████ ██████ █████ ██████ ██████ ████████.

████ ██████ ███ ████ █████ ██████ (████ ██████ ███ █████ ██████) ████ ████ ████ ███ ████ ███████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>},\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})=\sqrt{⟨\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>},\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}-\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}⟩}}$ █████ ██████ ███████.

████, ████ ██████ ████ █████ ████ ██████ ███ ████ ███ ███ ███ ███████ ███████ ██ ███ ███████ ████████. ██████, ${\displaystyle {\mathbb{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ███ ████ ██████ (████ ███ █████ ██████), ████ █- ${\displaystyle {\mathbb{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ █████ ███.

█████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\subset \mathbb{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ███ ████████ █████████████ ██████ ██████ ███████ █████.

████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ █████ █████ ██████ ██ █"████████" ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}:\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\to \mathbb{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ████████████ ███ ██████ ██ ██████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ (███ ████ █████). █████, ████████ ███ ███ ████ ███████ (████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ████ ███). ██ ██████ █ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\in {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$. ████ ██, ██ █████ █████ ████████ ████ █████ ███ ████ ██████.

████ ███, ███ ████ ██████ ██ ██████ ███████ ████:

${\displaystyle ⟨\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>},\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}⟩={\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}){\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\ast }(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}={\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\overline{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

████ * (██ ██ █████) ██████ ████ █████.

████ ████ █████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$: ███ █████ ███████ ███, ████ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ███ ███ ████████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ █-${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ ██ █████ █████ ███ ███████ ██████ ███████ ██ ██████. ███, ██████ ██ ██ ███████ █████ ████ ██ ██ █████ █████ ███ ███ ███. ███ ██ ████ ██████ █████████ ██████ ███████: ${\displaystyle \Vert \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\Vert =\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}⟺\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$. ███ ████ ███ ██, ████ ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})}$ ████ █████ ██ ████████ ███ ██ ██████ ███████ ████, ███████ ███ ███ ███████ ███:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\text{<span word-length="1" class="word redacted">█</span>.<span word-length="1" class="word redacted">█</span>.}\equiv \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\sim \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}⟺\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\left(\left\{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\in \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}|\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\ne \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}(\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>})\right\}\right)=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$

█████: ██ ███ ████████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ █-${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███████ ███ ███████ ██ ██ █████ █████ ███ ██ ██████ ██████ ███████ ████ ███ ████ █████ ██. ████ ██████ ██ ██ ███████ ██████████ ██ ███████ ███████ █████ ██████ ███ ██ ███████ ██ ██ █████. █████ ██ ████ ██████ ██████ ███ █████ ████ ████ ████ ██████.